Comprehensive Guide To Bone Spurs (Osteophytes): Symptoms, Causes, And How To Find Relief

Reviewed by: Dr. Dustin DebRoy, D.C.

By: Jannet King

Nearly one in three adults over the age of 60 has a bone spur, even if they don’t know it. These bony overgrowths, called osteophytes, are among the most common age-related changes in the body—and while many go unnoticed, others can cause chronic pain, joint stiffness, or nerve irritation that affects daily life.

You may not realize you have a bone spur until it begins to interfere with your activities. For some people, symptoms begin with heel pain that flares up in the morning. For others, it may be stiffness in the neck, a loss of flexibility in the shoulder, or tingling in the fingers. These issues may seem unrelated, but they often stem from the same underlying problem: excessive bone formation near a joint under stress.

Bone spurs are a natural part of the body’s response to wear and tear, but that doesn’t mean they are always harmless. Depending on where they form and the amount of pressure they create, they can limit movement, irritate soft tissue, or compress nearby nerves.

This guide explores what bone spurs are, why they develop, who is most at risk, and how to find relief with conservative care.

What are bone spurs?

Bone spurs are smooth, hard bumps of extra bone that form along the edges of bones, usually where bones meet at joints. This process, called osteophyte formation, is your body’s way of protecting a joint that is under stress or experiencing instability.

Despite the name, bone spurs do not look like spikes. They often develop slowly and may not cause problems until they press on nearby nerves, restrict movement, or aggravate surrounding tissue.

Bone spurs can form in many areas of the body, including the spine, shoulders, hips, knees, feet, and hands. They are common in adults over the age of 50 but may occur earlier, especially in athletes or individuals with repetitive joint stress.

What causes bone spurs?

Bone spurs form as your body’s way of protecting a joint under stress. When joints experience ongoing pressure, friction, or instability, the body may begin to produce extra bone in an attempt to reinforce the area. This process is unrelated to dietary calcium or supplements. Instead, it is your body’s natural response to wear and tear.

Here are some of the most common causes of bone spur development and how they contribute:

Osteoarthritis

When cartilage begins to wear away due to age or joint degeneration, bones lose the smooth padding that allows them to glide easily. In response, the body tries to stabilize the joint by forming new bone along the edges. These growths often occur where two bones meet and are a hallmark of advanced osteoarthritis.

Tendon or ligament inflammation

Inflammation from conditions like plantar fasciitis or Achilles tendinitis places repeated tension on the area where soft tissues attach to bone. Over time, this chronic pulling may lead the body to build up extra bone at the attachment site, which is how heel spurs and other similar bony projections form.

Degenerative disc disease

As spinal discs lose height and hydration, they become less effective at cushioning the vertebrae. To stabilize the spine and reduce movement between vertebrae, the body may produce bone spurs around the disc space. These may eventually contribute to stiffness or nerve compression in the spine.

Postural stress or repetitive motion

Poor posture, repetitive tasks, or uneven joint loading can increase stress on specific areas of the body. This constant mechanical pressure signals the body to adapt. Over time, it may do so by building up bone near affected joints, particularly in the neck, shoulders, hips, or feet.

Previous injury or trauma

A fracture, sprain, or dislocation can change the way a joint functions. To restore stability and protect the area, the body may create new bone along the affected joint. Scar tissue, joint laxity, and altered movement patterns all contribute to spur development after injury.

Bone spurs don’t appear overnight. They form slowly in response to chronic stress or imbalance in the body. While this is a protective mechanism, the result can sometimes cause more harm than good, especially if the new bone growth interferes with nerves, limits mobility, or contributes to joint pain. Understanding the underlying cause is the first step toward managing symptoms and preventing future problems.

Where in your body do bone spurs commonly occur?

Bone spurs can form anywhere in the body where repeated pressure, joint friction, or soft tissue stress occurs. They typically appear near joints or where tendons and ligaments anchor to bone. While they may not always cause symptoms, certain locations are more likely to create discomfort or movement limitations.

Here are some of the most common areas affected by bone spurs and how they develop:

Spine

Bone spurs frequently develop in the cervical (neck) and lumbar (lower back) regions of the spine. They often form in response to disc degeneration or chronic spinal instability. As the discs between vertebrae shrink or lose structure, the spine creates extra bone to protect itself. These spurs may narrow the spaces where nerves exit the spine, potentially causing pain, numbness, or tingling that radiates into the arms or legs.

Shoulders

In the shoulder, bone spurs may form on the underside of the acromion or near the rotator cuff. This often results from chronic inflammation, overuse, or age-related degeneration. As tendons move under the acromion, spurs may cause impingement, making it painful to lift the arm overhead or reach behind the back. Over time, this may lead to reduced mobility and chronic shoulder dysfunction.

Hips

Bone spurs in the hip joint usually develop in response to osteoarthritis, repetitive impact, or previous injury. As cartilage wears down and joint movement becomes less smooth, the body creates extra bone to reinforce the joint. This may lead to stiffness in the groin or outer hip and can cause pain while walking, climbing stairs, or sitting for extended periods.

Knees

In the knees, bone spurs often appear along the edges of the joint in people with arthritis. As the joint surface deteriorates, spurs form in an attempt to improve stability. These growths may limit the range of motion and cause pain during activities that involve bending, squatting, or prolonged standing. They may also contribute to joint stiffness or a sensation of grinding during movement.

Feet and heels

Heel spurs are among the most well-known types of bone spurs and typically form at the base of the heel bone. They often develop where the plantar fascia connects to the heel, which is a thick band of tissue that supports the arch of the foot. Repeated strain from walking, standing, or wearing unsupportive footwear may irritate this area and trigger new bone growth. Heel spurs do not always cause pain, but when they do, the discomfort is often sharp and most noticeable with the first steps of the morning.

Hands and Fingers

Bone spurs in the fingers and hands are common with age-related joint degeneration, especially osteoarthritis. These spurs often develop at the ends of the finger joints and may appear as small, hard lumps. While they are not always painful, they may reduce flexibility, affect grip strength, or make fine motor tasks more difficult.

Bone spurs can appear anywhere in the body where it responds to long-term stress or inflammation. Their impact depends on their location, size, and whether they interfere with nerves, joints, or surrounding soft tissues. Recognizing where they occur and how they affect the body is a key step in finding effective relief.

Who is at risk for developing bone spurs?

Bone spurs can affect people of all ages, but they are significantly more common in adults over 50. According to population studies, osteophytes are one of the most frequent age-related changes in the musculoskeletal system. Imaging studies suggest that the majority of adults over 60 have at least one bone spur, even if they do not have symptoms.

While bone spurs can form in response to specific joint stress or injury, certain individuals are more likely to develop them due to lifestyle, health conditions, and anatomical factors. The most common risk factors include:

Older adults

The risk of developing bone spurs increases with age. Over time, joints experience more wear and tear, which makes it more likely for the body to respond by creating extra bone. People over 50 are much more likely to develop osteophytes, especially in the spine, hips, knees, and hands.

People with osteoarthritis

Bone spurs often appear alongside joint degeneration. As cartilage wears away, the body may attempt to stabilize the joint by building new bone. Nearly all adults with moderate to severe osteoarthritis will have bone spurs near affected joints.

Physically active individuals

Athletes and people with physically demanding jobs are more likely to experience repetitive joint stress. High-impact movement, heavy lifting, and repetitive overuse can all increase the likelihood of bone spur formation in weight-bearing joints, such as the knees, hips, or spine.

People with poor posture or spinal misalignment

Chronic postural strain places uneven pressure on the spine and other joints, resulting in strain. Over time, this may lead to compensatory bone growth, particularly in the neck and lower back.

Individuals with previous joint injuries

A history of fractures, dislocations, or joint trauma may disrupt normal biomechanics. This may lead the body to adapt by producing new bone to reinforce the joint, even years after the original injury.

People with excess body weight

Carrying extra body weight increases the mechanical load on weight-bearing joints, especially in the lower back, hips, knees, and feet. This added stress may accelerate joint degeneration and lead to the formation of bone spurs over time. Studies show that individuals with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher are significantly more likely to develop osteophytes, particularly in the knees and spine. Each unit increase in BMI is associated with a measurable increase in joint stress and a higher risk of both osteoarthritis and associated bony growths.

Genetic predisposition

Some people may inherit structural traits or inflammatory tendencies that increase the risk of both arthritis and bone spur formation. If osteoarthritis runs in your family, you may be more likely to develop related joint changes.

People with abnormal foot mechanics

Flat feet, high arches, or poor-quality footwear may increase stress on the heels and ankles. These structural issues may raise the risk of developing heel spurs and other bone growths in the feet.

Bone spurs are extremely common, especially later in life. While not all spurs cause symptoms, paying attention to joint health and mobility as you age may help reduce your risk and support long-term function. Regular movement, proper posture, and early care for joint discomfort may help you avoid complications before they begin.

Symptoms of bone spurs: What do they feel like?

Not all bone spurs cause symptoms. In many cases, they are discovered by accident during an X-ray or MRI for an unrelated issue. But when symptoms do appear, they are often a sign that the spur is interfering with nearby tissue, pressing on a nerve, or affecting joint movement.

If a bone spur is causing symptoms, you may experience one or more of the following:

• Localized joint pain: Pain is the most common symptom and may feel sharp, dull, or achy depending on the location. It often flares during movement or physical activity and eases with rest. For example, a bone spur in the shoulder may cause pain when lifting your arm, while one in the spine may cause pain with bending, twisting, or prolonged standing.
• Joint stiffness or reduced range of motion: Bone spurs can limit the joint's ability to move, making everyday motions feel tight or restricted. You might notice that your neck no longer turns as easily, or that your knees feel stiff after sitting. This stiffness can be especially noticeable in the morning or after periods of inactivity.
• Numbness or tingling: If a bone spur presses on a nearby nerve, it may lead to numbness, tingling, or a “pins and needles” sensation. These symptoms are more common in the spine, particularly in the neck or lower back, and may radiate into the arms, hands, legs, or feet. In some cases, nerve compression may also cause weakness or coordination issues.
• Swelling or tenderness: Bone spurs may irritate surrounding soft tissue, including tendons and ligaments. This may result in inflammation, localized swelling, or tenderness to the touch. For instance, a heel spur may cause a sore, inflamed spot at the bottom of the foot, especially after prolonged walking or standing.
• Joint locking, clicking, or catching: When a bone spur disrupts the smooth movement of a joint, you may feel or hear a clicking or grinding sensation during motion. Some people describe the joint as feeling like it is “catching” or locking temporarily before releasing again. This is most common in joints like the knee, shoulder, or fingers.

The way bone spurs feel depends on their size, shape, and location, as well as the extent to which they interfere with nearby structures. Some people experience only mild discomfort, while others may struggle with daily movement or chronic pain. If symptoms persist or worsen, it may be a sign that the spur is affecting your nerve or joint function and requires evaluation.

Are bone spurs dangerous?

Bone spurs themselves are not inherently dangerous. Many people have them without any symptoms or complications. However, problems can arise if a bone spur:

• Presses on a nerve or spinal cord, leading to pain, numbness, or weakness
• Restricts joint movement and function
• Causes chronic irritation or inflammation in nearby tissue

If you experience persistent pain, reduced mobility, or signs of nerve involvement, it is essential to seek medical care. Identifying and addressing the underlying cause may prevent further damage and improve your quality of life.

How are bone spurs diagnosed?

Diagnosing a bone spur typically begins with a thorough clinical evaluation. A healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms, medical history, activity level, and any previous joint injuries. During the physical exam, they will assess for tenderness around joints, swelling, limitations in range of motion, and signs of nerve involvement, such as numbness, tingling, or weakness.

If a bone spur is suspected, imaging tests are usually recommended to confirm the diagnosis and assess the surrounding structures. These may include:

X-rays

X-rays are the most common starting point. They provide a clear view of bone structure and can reveal the presence, size, and location of a bone spur. X-rays also help identify signs of joint degeneration, such as cartilage loss or narrowing of the joint space, which often accompany osteophyte formation.

MRI or CT scans

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans offer more detailed views of the soft tissues surrounding a joint. These tests are especially useful when symptoms suggest nerve compression, such as radiating pain or muscle weakness. An MRI can reveal whether a bone spur is pressing on a nerve, tendon, or spinal cord, while CT scans provide a high-resolution view of complex joints, such as the spine, hips, or shoulders.

Nerve conduction studies

When bone spurs are suspected of affecting nerve function, nerve conduction velocity (NCV) tests and electromyography (EMG) may be used to assess nerve function. These tests measure how well electrical signals travel through the nerves and muscles. They can detect nerve compression or damage caused by a spur in the neck, lower back, or extremities, helping to guide treatment and assess severity.

Additional evaluations

In some cases, your provider may recommend joint aspiration, blood work, or referral to a specialist to rule out other conditions, especially if your symptoms involve widespread joint pain, inflammation, or systemic issues.

A clear and accurate diagnosis is essential for creating an effective treatment plan. Once your provider identifies the presence and impact of a bone spur, they can recommend appropriate care to manage symptoms, restore function, and prevent further complications.

Treatment options for bone spurs

Treatment for bone spurs depends on several factors, including their size, location, and the extent to which they affect surrounding structures. Many people find relief without surgery, especially when symptoms are mild to moderate. The goal of treatment is to reduce pain, improve function, and prevent the spur from interfering with daily life.

In most cases, providers begin with conservative, nonsurgical options before considering more invasive procedures.

Nonsurgical options for treating bone spurs

Chiropractic care

Gentle spinal or joint adjustments may help restore alignment, reduce pressure on irritated tissues, and improve overall joint function. For bone spurs in the spine, chiropractic care may also relieve associated nerve compression symptoms, such as radiating pain or numbness. This hands-on approach supports better mobility and may help reduce stiffness caused by mechanical stress.

Physical therapy

A personalized physical therapy program focuses on restoring joint strength, balance, and flexibility. Therapists may guide you through exercises that improve posture, reduce joint strain, and correct movement patterns that contribute to pain. Over time, this can help you move more comfortably and lower the risk of further irritation.

Massage therapy

Soft tissue therapy helps reduce muscle tightness and improve circulation around affected joints. This may be especially helpful when nearby muscles have become tense or inflamed in response to the bone spur. By relaxing the surrounding tissue, massage may help ease discomfort and support more fluid movement.

Stretching and mobility routines

Daily stretching may help maintain the range of motion in joints affected by bone spurs. These routines promote joint flexibility, reduce stiffness, and improve body mechanics. For many people, consistent mobility work is key to preventing further joint restriction.

Ice or heat therapy

Cold therapy may be useful for reducing inflammation after activity or during a flare-up, while heat may help relax stiff muscles and improve circulation before movement. Alternating the two may offer additional relief, depending on your symptoms.

Over-the-counter pain relievers

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or naproxen, may help manage pain and swelling. These are typically used during symptom flare-ups or after physical activity that aggravates the joint.

Supportive devices

Orthotics, braces, or ergonomic supports may relieve pressure on affected joints and improve body alignment. For example, custom shoe inserts may help reduce heel spur pain, while lumbar supports may provide relief for bone spurs in the lower back.

These nonsurgical approaches are often enough to manage bone spur symptoms and allow you to remain active. With consistency, many people find that their pain levels decrease and their joint function improves.

When to consider surgery for bone spurs

Surgery is typically considered only when other treatments have not worked or when the bone spur is causing significant impairment. While not all bone spurs require surgical intervention, it may be the best option in certain cases.

Surgery may be recommended if:

• Conservative treatments have failed to relieve pain or improve function
• A bone spur is pressing on a nerve and causing weakness, numbness, or radiating pain
• The spur is interfering with the normal movement or structural integrity of the joint
• You are preparing for a joint replacement or other orthopedic procedure, and the spur would limit success

Surgical options vary by location and severity but may include:

• Bone spur removal to eliminate the excess bone and reduce pressure on surrounding tissues
• Surgical spinal decompression procedures to relieve nerve compression in the spine caused by osteophytes
• Joint replacement in cases where arthritis and bone spur formation have severely damaged the joint

Recovery from surgery depends on the specific procedure, your overall health status, and the intensity of your rehabilitation efforts. In many cases, physical therapy is needed after surgery to restore mobility and function.

Surgery is not right for everyone, but when appropriate, it can provide meaningful relief and improve long-term outcomes for people with severe or persistent bone spur complications.

Can a chiropractor help with bone spurs?

Chiropractors do not remove bone spurs, but they may play a valuable role in relieving the symptoms these bony growths cause. When a bone spur develops near a joint, particularly in the spine, it may disrupt alignment, limit mobility, and place added stress on surrounding muscles and nerves. This often leads to compensatory tension, changes in movement patterns, and ongoing discomfort.

Chiropractic care focuses on restoring healthy joint mechanics and relieving the pressure that exacerbates bone spur symptoms. Rather than treating the spur itself, chiropractors address the structural imbalances and soft tissue stress that allow symptoms to persist or worsen.

Chiropractic care may help treat bone spurs by:

Improving joint alignment and mobility

Adjustments may help restore proper joint motion, especially when stiffness or muscle guarding is present. This is particularly important in the spine, where bone spurs often develop in areas affected by disc degeneration or poor posture. By enhancing joint movement, chiropractic care may reduce mechanical irritation caused by the spur and support better spinal function.

Reducing muscle tension and inflammation

Chronic joint dysfunction may cause the surrounding muscles to tighten, helping to stabilize the area. Over time, this leads to discomfort, fatigue, and limited range of motion. Chiropractic adjustments, combined with soft tissue techniques, may help relax these muscles and enhance circulation to the affected area.

Supporting posture and movement patterns

When bone spurs affect your biomechanics, it can lead to compensations throughout the body. Chiropractic care may help identify and correct these patterns by improving alignment and reducing asymmetry, thereby preventing further stress on the affected joint.

Relieving pressure on nerves and nearby structures

In the spine, even small bone spurs can narrow the spaces where nerves exit, a condition known as foraminal stenosis. While chiropractic care does not remove the spur, adjustments may help reduce joint inflammation or disc pressure, which in turn may ease nerve irritation and improve overall comfort.

Chiropractic is part of a broader care plan for bone spurs

Chiropractic care is often most effective when paired with other conservative therapies, such as stretching, targeted exercises, ergonomic adjustments, and massage. This collaborative approach may help restore joint function, improve flexibility, and keep you active without the need for invasive treatment.

For many people, regular chiropractic care is a proactive approach to managing bone spur symptoms, maintaining mobility, and supporting long-term joint health. If you are experiencing stiffness, discomfort, or nerve-related symptoms associated with bone spurs, a chiropractor can assess your condition and provide personalized strategies for relief.

Final thoughts: Living with bone spurs

Bone spurs are common, especially as we age or experience long-term joint stress. While they can sound alarming, they often cause little to no symptoms and are manageable with the right care.

Whether you are dealing with discomfort in your heel, stiffness in your spine, or tingling in your fingers, there are options available to help you feel better and move more freely. By addressing the underlying cause and working with a trusted provider, you can maintain your activity level, alleviate pain, and take control of your long-term joint health.

Frequently asked questions about bone spurs

Do bone spurs go away?

No. Bone spurs do not disappear on their own, but their symptoms can often be managed with proper care.

Are bone spurs always painful?

No. Many bone spurs cause no symptoms and are found incidentally on X-rays.

Is a heel spur the same as a bone spur?

A heel spur is a type of bone spur located at the bottom of the heel, often associated with plantar fasciitis.

Can bone spurs be treated without surgery?

Most people find relief with nonsurgical care such as chiropractic adjustments, physical therapy, and home remedies.

Is a bone spur caused by too much calcium?

Bone spurs result from joint stress and degeneration, not from dietary calcium.

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